Separate Spheres for Men and Women

The ideology of separate spheres dominated thought about gender roles from the late 18th century through the 19th century in the United States. Similar ideas influenced gender roles in other parts of the world as well. The concept of separate spheres continues to influence thinking about proper gender roles today. In the division of gender roles into separate spheres, a womans place was in the private sphere, which included family life and the home. A mans place was in the public sphere, whether in politics, in the economic world which was becoming increasingly separate from home life as the Industrial Revolution progressed, or in public social and cultural activity. Natural Gender Division Many experts of the time wrote about how this division was naturally rooted in each gender. Women who sought roles or visibility in the public sphere often found themselves identified as unnatural and as unwelcome challenges to cultural assumptions. Legally, women were considered dependents until marriage and under coverture after marriage, with no separate identity and few or no personal rights including economic and property rights. This status  was in accord with the idea that a womans place was in the home and a mans place was in the public world. Although experts at the time believed these gender divisions were rooted in nature, the ideology of separate spheres is now considered an example of the social construction of gender: that cultural and social attitudes built ideas of womanhood and manhood (proper womanhood and proper  manhood) that empowered and/or constrained women and men. Historians on Separate Spheres Nancy Cotts 1977 book, The Bonds of Womanhood: Womens Sphere in New England, 1780-1835, is a classic study that examines the concept of separate spheres. Cott focuses on the experiences of women and shows how within their sphere, women wielded considerable power and influence. Critics of Nancy Cotts portrayal of separate spheres include Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, who published Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America in 1982. She showed not only how women, in their separate sphere, created a womens culture, but how women were at a disadvantage socially, educationally, politically, economically, and even medically. Rosalind Rosenberg also takes on the separate spheres ideology in her 1982 book, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism. Rosenberg details the legal and social disadvantages of women under the separate spheres ideology. Her work documents  how some women began to challenge the relegation of women to the home. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese  challenges the idea of how separate spheres created solidarity among women in her 1988 book Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women in the Old South. She writes about the different experiences of women: those who were part of the slave-holding class as wives and daughters, those who were enslaved, those free women who lived on farms where there were no enslaved people, and other poor white women. Within a general disempowerment of women in a patriarchal system, there was no singular womens culture, she argues.  Friendships among women, documented in studies of northern bourgeois or well-off women, were not characteristic of the Old South. In common among all these books, and others on the topic, is documentation of a general cultural ideology of separate spheres, grounded in  the idea that women belong in the private sphere, and are strangers in the public sphere, and that the reverse was true of men. Widening Womens Sphere In the late 19th century, some reformers like Frances Willard with her temperance work and Jane Addams with her settlement house work relied on a separate spheres ideology to justify their public reform efforts—thus both using and undermining the ideology. Each author saw her work as public housekeeping, an outward expression of caring for the family and home, and both took that work into the realms of politics and the public social and cultural realm.  This idea was later termed social feminism.

Communication, Leadership, And Leadership - 1936 Words

Communication in Leadership Contents Introduction 1 Transformational Leadership 3 Transactional Leadership 3 Laissez-Faire Leadership 4 Servant Leadership 5 Level 5 Leadership 6 Conclusion 7 References 8 Introduction Effective communication can be considered an art as much as a science. There are of course many best practices that one can study to improve their ability to communicate. However, it can be difficult to distinguish different success factors responsible for effective communication various individual scenarios. For example, it is often hard to determine what went right or wrong in any given conversation. However, at the same time, effective communication is generally cited as one of the most important critical†¦show more content†¦The number of different theories serves as evidence of the level of complexity that is inherent in the concept of leadership. Despite this complexity, virtually every leadership model states that effective communication is among the most important success factors. This analysis will select different leadership models and compare and contrast how these models view effective communications. Competing theories include such perspectives as trait theory, situational theory, behavioral theory, competencies theory, network theory of leadership and many more. This analysis will consider transformational leadership, transactional leadership, servant leadership, and â€Å"Level 5† leadership to attempt to identify any differences and similarities in the ways these theories include effective communication in their theories. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership has been called one of the most effective among the various theories of leadership (Judge Bono, 2000). Transformational leaders are able to encourage their teams to reach their full potential by setting challenging expectations which into turn leads to the team achieve higher performances (Bass, 1999). Transformational leaders are also commonly associated with change and change management because they are able to inspire people to overcome their

FDI and its Effects

Question: Write about the FDI and Its Effects. Answer: Introduction Types of Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct investment is an activity where a company situated in one country invests their money in another foreign company. According to Saini (2012), Foreign Direct Investment is mainly of two types. They are horizontal investment and vertical investment. In horizontal investment, the foreign companies establish their plant in the domestic country. The companies take help of raw materials, labor and other materials of the domestic country and produce their products. The foreign countries sell the product in the domestic country and are in direct competition with the local manufacturers. On the other hand, vertical investment is a procedure in which the foreign enterprise exports the raw materials and labor from the foreign country to their domestic country. Even the foreign enterprises export the raw materials to other countries. Strategic Goals of Multinational Enterprises Undertaking FDI The main goal of the multinational organization in undertaking FDI is to have a competitive advantage. With the help of FDI, the companies can have access to cheap raw material and cheap labors. This will help the organizations to reduce their cost of production and increase their profit levels (Labes 2015). Along with these, the multinational companies will also be able to spread their business in remote places and can expand their business. Many untapped regions will also help the Multinational companies to grow their business volume. Another significant goal of the Multinational enterprises is to develop the economic condition of the society and country as a whole. FDI Distribution Pattern In the recent century, globalization is the process which helps Foreign Direct investment to develop at a rapid pace. Globalization also plays a major role in multilateralism. According to Krautheim (2013), economic reforms are also done through Globalization. Most efficient sources are exported to various destinations with the help of FDI. Capital transfer is also a two-way process which helps both the home country and the host country to develop quickly. Moreover, people now have greater exposure to different products which have been available through Globalization. Advantage and Disadvantage of FDI Foreign Direct investment helps the organizations to have a skilled labor at a lower price. The training and sharing experiences will help both the human resource and the organizations to develop as a whole (Estrin and Uvalic 2014). New technologies are also used with the help of FDI. For example, new manufacturing machines with latest technologies are being transferred from one country to another. FDI has created new job opportunities for the young generation. This will increase the economic growth of the region. The local producers will face a stiff challenge from the foreign companies. The level of competition will be high. Unrest in political conditions will also affect the progress of FDI. FDI will also have a negative influence on the exchange rate of currencies (Labes 2015). It has often been found that while exporting goods to foreign countries economically backward countries face losses. Thus these are the advantages and disadvantages of the foreign direct investment. References Estrin, S. and Uvalic, M. 2014, "FDI into transition economies: Are the Balkans different?",Economics of Transition,vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 281-312. Krautheim, S. 2013, "Export supporting FDI",Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique,vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1571-1605. Labes, S. 2015, "FDI DETERMINANTS IN BRICS",CES Working Papers,vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 296-308. Saini, M. 2012, "India FDI Clears Final Hurdle",WWD,vol. 204, no. 119, pp. 6.